Reactive oxygen species in biological systems: Pathways, associated diseases, and potential inhibitors—A review
Date
2023Item Type
ArticleAbstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under normal physiological conditions and may have beneficial and harmful effects on biological systems. ROS are involved in many physiological processes such as differentiation, proliferation, necrosis, autophagy, and apoptosis by acting as signaling molecules or regulators of transcription factors. In this case, maintaining proper cellular ROS levels is known as redox homeostasis. Oxidative stress occurs because of the imbalance between the production of ROS and antioxidant defenses. Sources of ROS include the mitochondria, auto-oxidation of glucose, and enzymatic pathways such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NAD[P]H) oxidase. The possible ROS pathways are NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K-Akt, and the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. This review covers the literature pertaining to the possible ROS pathways and strategies to inhibit them. Additionally, this review summarizes the literature related to finding ROS inhibitors.
Author
Rauf, Abdur
Khalil, Anees Ahmed
Awadallah, Samir
Khan, Shahid Ali
Abu-Izneid, Tareq
Kamran, Muhammad
Hemeg, Hassan A.
Mubarak, Mohammad S.
Khalid, Ahood
Wilairatana, Polrat